Culture is a dynamic and adaptive system of meaning that is learned, shared, and transmitted from one generation to the next and is reflected in the values, norms, practices, symbols, ways of life, and other social interactions of a given culture (Krueter & McClure, 2004). It is the foundation of both individual and collective identity, and its erosion can adversely affect mental health and well-being, leading to depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and even suicide (Kirmayer, Brass, & Tait, 2000). Language is \u201ca conveyor of culture\u201d (Ibid., p. 613) and the means by which knowledge, skills, and cultural values are expressed and maintained.
\nLanguage suppression, particularly for Indigenous peoples, is \u201ca form of disempowerment and oppression\u201d that impacts self-identity, well-being, self-esteem and empowerment, all of which are key ingredients for individual and community healing (Cohen, 2001, p. 143). Language maintenance and continuity are critical to revitalizing culture and to the survival of any Indigenous people (Battiste & Henderson, 2000). For Aboriginal 1 peoples in Canada, who bear a disproportionate burden of illness, revitalization of culture and language is essential for improving health outcomes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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