Can you tell us about your background and what led you to get involved in issues related to Indigenous women’s rights? 

The path I followed was determined when I was born to a Quebecois father and an Innu mother. Racism was just a part of my life, a reality I was hit with very early on. Growing up, I had to claim two identities, Quebecois and Innu, without being fully accepted by either. This identity confusion caused me to seek my place elsewhere, notably by getting involved, at the age of 16, with the Native Friendship Centre of Montréal where I found comfort among people who shared similar experiences—being mixed race—and where I began to better understand my history.

Between the ages of 18 and 24, I became actively involved in defending the rights of Indigenous women. I also gave speeches as part of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Surrounded by remarkable women and engaged in this fight, I benefited from mentorship and found much-deserved self-esteem. At 28 years old, I took part in the Quebec Native Women (QNW) movement, where I was once again mentored by women from various communities who understood the importance of collective movements. Each new experience was a valuable life lesson for me.

I had initially considered becoming a fine arts teacher, but I left my studies to pursue my new calling as an activist and a supporter of Indigenous communities, which gives me profound satisfaction and a great sense of personal accomplishment.

What is your role as senator and how do you use this role to promote the advancement of Indigenous women in Canada? 

When I was 28 years old, while I was actively involved with the QNW, I realized how necessary it was to change the legislation regarding Indigenous peoples (the Indian Act). I felt the need to question the many restrictive regulations and laws in force, to undertake in-depth studies, to call witnesses and to make our voices heard. All aspects of the lives of Indigenous peoples were affected: human rights, international trade, forest fires, climate change, and many others. My work consists of crafting legislation and conducting studies to facilitate the federal legal process, as well as connecting with ministers and members of the opposition parties to ensure that our voice is truly heard. Also, I spend a lot of time helping people who are experiencing problems and need assistance. 

In your opinion, what are the most pressing challenges facing Indigenous women in Canada?

Given the pressing challenges that Indigenous women in Canada face, it is essential for us to reclaim our place and defend our right to self-determination, even though this is a gradual process in a colonial context. Whether for our young mothers or for our kukums, we aspire for our children to stay in our communities. We also face challenges like domestic and lateral violence as well as systemic racism. Despite these major obstacles, remarkable leaders are emerging within our communities, injecting vital energy to allow Indigenous women to breathe and live fully.

How do you see the evolution of the representation and participation of Indigenous women in politics and in other spheres of society?

It’s still fragile. Although we are increasingly present, it remains a challenge since many of us have to care for families and elderly people with various needs, which is often incompatible with political life.

Additionally, I have noticed that Indigenous Chiefs often prefer to speak to the male senators rather than the female senators, because the men are often more inclined to speak out about problems.

In the business world, we are seeing more and more Indigenous women holding positions in sectors such as tourism that were previously dominated by men. This is an impressive development that reflects our ability to adapt and thrive in different areas.

In some communities, governance is now assured by both men and women, which is significant progress towards gender equality and the recognition of the crucial role of women in decision-making.

What are the main challenges in terms of reconciliation with Indigenous peoples, particularly regarding the rights of Indigenous women and girls? 

The government ordered a national inquiry, but it is essential to have complaint verification mechanisms as well as an Indigenous complaints tribunal to ensure Canada takes genuine responsibility for the protection of women and children.

It is important to recognize that holding inquiries is not enough if no concrete actions are taken to remedy the problems. We must take action and put in place effective measures to ensure the safety and well-being of Indigenous women and children.

What concrete measures can be taken to improve the safety and wellness of Indigenous women, particularly in terms of violence and discrimination? 

When it comes to public safety, it is crucial to ensure that police officers receive adequate training and are well informed on how to intervene in situations of violence. They must be made aware of the specific realities faced by Indigenous women so that they can provide them with appropriate support.

At the community level, it is essential to establish solid structures to support women, by providing them with a safe place to seek refuge and by offering them a healing process. Protecting both the victims and the other parties involved to prevent the cycle of violence from continuing is imperative.

Furthermore, investments focused on creating jobs and educational opportunities in Indigenous territories in addition to improving infrastructure and ensuring adequate financing promote harmony within families. By strengthening the local economy and offering more interesting prospects, we help create an environment that is conducive to the wellness of Indigenous women.

What lessons have you learned from your experiences as an activist and advocate for Indigenous women’s rights? 

Nothing is easy and nothing should be taken for granted! My path has been strewn with surprises, some painful and unexpected, but there is always someone or something that provides me with answers or encourages me not to give up.

In politics, the struggles can be fierce but over time, and thanks to my relationships with my mentors and my wealth of experience, I have learned the importance of not trying to be a superhero. This lesson is essential to preserving my mental health and emotional stability.

I focus on the present without expecting too much for the future. I know I can’t solve everything in one day, so I set realistic goals and strive to do the best I can with the time and resources I have.

What advice would you give to young Indigenous women who aspire to play an active role in promoting social change and justice for their community? 

I would advise them to nurture their passion and remember that things happen in due time. It is important not to get discouraged and to persevere.

They should also not be afraid to surround themselves with people who have different skills and expertise. Leveraging other people’s strengths and accepting that they may have the strength and passion to communicate their knowledge can be extremely rewarding.

Finally, I would advise them not to get involved in every cause that comes their way. It’s important to “pick your battles” carefully and to focus on the ones where you can truly make a meaningful change.